Cassazione Civile - Ordinanza n. 05131/2026

Corte Suprema di Cassazione

Automated Summary

Key Facts

Trenitalia S.p.A. filed a cassation appeal against a Florence Court of Appeal decision (n. 2012/2022) that revoked a 2011 court order against Banco di Napoli S.p.A. and Intesa Sanpaolo S.p.A. regarding a guarantee policy (n. 605 of 25.2.2000) issued by Firema Trasporti S.p.A. in favor of Trenitalia for a contract involving 25 locomotive GR. D. 46 deliveries valued at €36,991,225.40. The Court of Appeal found the guarantee had expired and the collection was abusive, ordering Trenitalia to return €3,740,490.74. The Supreme Court of Cassation rejected the appeal, confirming the lower court's decision that the guarantee was no longer valid and the collection was improperly exercised.

Transaction Type

Supply contract for 25 locomotive hydraulic engines GR. D. 46 between Trenitalia S.p.A. and Firema Trasporti S.p.A., with guarantee policy n. 605 issued by Firema to Banco di Napoli S.p.A.

Issues

  • La Corte deve stabilire se i motivi di ricorso per cassazione siano ammissibili o se costituiscano una nuova inammissibile valutazione di risultanze di fatto, trasformando il giudizio di legittimità in un terzo grado di merito non consentito.
  • La Corte deve verificare se il credito di Trenitalia verso le banche si fosse già estinto per compensazione delle penali al momento dell'escussione della fideiussione, e se la Corte d'Appello abbia correttamente applicato le norme sulla compensazione e sulla revoca del decreto ingiuntivo.
  • La Corte di Cassazione deve valutare se la fusione per incorporazione del Banco di Napoli in Intesa Sanpaolo abbia estinto la legittimazione processuale della società incorporata, e se l'incorporante mantenga la legittimazione attiva e passiva per i rapporti giuridici originariamente facenti capo alla società incorporata.
  • La Corte deve esaminare se l'escussione della garanzia autonoma prestata dal Banco di Napoli a favore di Trenitalia sia stata abusiva, valutando la condotta di Trenitalia, la mancanza di documentazione richiesta (certificati RAMS), e se le banche abbiano correttamente opposto contestazioni sulla natura fraudolenta dell'escussione.

Holdings

The Supreme Court of Cassation rejects Trenitalia S.p.A.'s cassation appeal against a Florence Court of Appeal ruling. The Court confirms that Trenitalia's enforcement of the guarantee against Banco di Napoli and Intesa Sanpaolo was abusive because the underlying credit had already been extinguished through compensation at the time enforcement proceedings began. The Court rules that the guarantee was not properly invoked and orders Trenitalia to return €3,740,490.74 plus interest to the paying bank. The Court also addresses procedural issues regarding the merger of Banco di Napoli into Intesa Sanpaolo, confirming that the merged entity retained proper standing to pursue the claim.

Remedies

The Corte Suprema di Cassazione rejects the cassation appeal filed by Trenitalia S.p.A. The court condemns the appellant to pay cassation court costs totaling €24,200.00 to Banca Intesa Sanpaolo and €22,200.00 to Firema Trasporti S.p.A. and GMR S.r.l. in liquidation, including attorney fees and general expenses as per law.

Contract Value

36991225.40

Monetary Damages

3740490.74

Legal Principles

  • The court examines who bears the burden of proof regarding the existence and scope of the guarantee, the proper exercise of the guarantee, and whether the conditions for its escussione were properly documented and communicated.
  • The court analyzes whether the exercise of the guarantee was conducted in good faith, examining whether the creditor acted with evident bad faith (malafede) by requesting payment on grounds inconsistent with the contractual terms.
  • The court emphasizes that the guarantee contract is binding on both parties and must be interpreted according to its terms, with the creditor obligated to exercise the guarantee only when the conditions specified in the contract are met.
  • The court considers the principle of estoppel in the context of parties' conduct and whether one party's actions or statements preclude them from asserting contrary positions in subsequent proceedings.
  • The court addresses the principle of res judicata (giudicato) in the context of whether a prior judgment constitutes a binding determination that precludes re-litigation of the same factual and legal issues.

Precedent Name

  • Cassazione S.U. n. 21970/2021
  • Cassazione 9 agosto 2022 n. 24579

Key Disputed Contract Clauses

  • The guarantee contract required Trenitalia to submit a certified copy of the 'certificato di fine rilevamento degli indici RAMS' to trigger payment. The court found Trenitalia failed to provide this required documentation, and mixed up the two separate guarantees (supply vs. warranty period), which justified the bank's refusal to pay.
  • The contract provided for two separate penalty amounts: €3,699,122.54 for non-achievement of RAMS indices (first guarantee period) and €1,109,736.76 for warranty period intervention failures (second guarantee period). The court analyzed whether these penalties were alternative or cumulative, and whether Trenitalia properly invoked the correct guarantee corresponding to the specific breach.
  • Article 16 of the Supply Conditions established that penalties and damages were not mutually exclusive, allowing Trenitalia to pursue both penalty payments and guarantee enforcement. However, the court found the underlying credit was already extinguished through compensation at the time of guarantee enforcement, rendering the escussione abusive regardless of the contractual provisions.
  • The court examined whether the credit underlying the guarantee had already been extinguished through compensation (compensazione) at the moment of guarantee enforcement. The court found the credit was already extinguished, making the subsequent enforcement abusive and requiring restitution of amounts improperly obtained through forced execution.
  • The court analyzed the nature of the guarantee policy n. 665 dated 25 February 2000, determining whether it was autonomous (with immediate payment obligation without proof) or accessory (requiring underlying breach proof). The court found the guarantee was autonomous and excluded proof requirements, but the enforcement was abusive due to lack of proper documentation and extinguishment of the underlying credit.

Cited Statute

  • Codice Civile
  • Codice di Procedura Civile
  • D.P.R. 115/2002

Judge Name

  • Luigi Alessandro Scarano
  • Gabriele Positano

Passage Text

  • La Corte rigetta il ricorso. Condanna la ricorrente al pagamento delle spese del giudizio di cassazione, che liquida in complessivi euro 24.200,00 (di cui euro 24.000,00 per onorari), oltre a spese generali e accessori di legge, in favore della controricorrente Banca Intesa Sanpaolo; in complessivi euro 22.200,00 (di cui euro 22.000,00 per onorari), oltre a spese generali e accessori di legge, in favore delle controricorrenti Firema Trasporti S.p.A. in amministrazione straordinaria e GMR S.r.l. in liquidazione.
  • La Corte territoriale ha dedotto la sussistenza del carattere abusivo della richiesta di pagamento all'esito della valutazione del materiale probatorio attraverso un accertamento di fatto, riservato al giudice del merito, rilevando che il Tribunale abbia errato nel non aver ben valutato e nell'aver quindi disatteso l'exceptio doli sollevata dalle banche.
  • La Corte di Cassazione ha ritenuto che la ricorrente abbia sollecitato una nuova valutazione del materiale probatorio, strutturando il giudizio di cassazione in un terzo grado di merito, nel quale ridiscutere analiticamente i contenuti di fatti storici e vicende processuali, quanto l'attendibilità maggiore o minore di questa o di quella ricostruzione probatoria.

Damages / Relief Type

Trenitalia S.p.A. ordered to return €3,740,490.74 plus interest to Banca Intesa Sanpaolo for unjust enrichment from improper enforcement of guarantee